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Biodiversity Credits

Biodiversity credits are an emerging mechanism to quantify and track biodiversity conservation and preservation efforts and outcomes. They are separate and distinct from carbon credits or carbon units. There is no universal agreement as to what a biodiversity credit represents. Pollination defines a biodiversity credit as: “A unit that can be bought and sold that represents a measured, modelled or assessed positive biodiversity outcome. or activities undertaken that are likely to achieve a positive biodiversity outcome, from a nature-based solutions project registered under a biodiversity scheme and which is not used to offset an equivalent negative impact on biodiversity elsewhere.” Pollination includes in this definition all unit types, including credits, certificates and tokens.

Voluntary biodiversity credit markets are increasingly recognised as one mechanism that can drive financing toward the protection, regeneration and stewardship of biodiversity, and close the biodiversity financing gap. For example, Target 19 of the UN’s 2022 Montreal-Kunming Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) refers to biodiversity credits as a potential mechanism for mobilising financial resources globally.

Credits vs Offsets

There is an important distinction between biodiversity credits and biodiversity offsets. A biodiversity offset is a unit that can be bought and sold, which represents a positive biodiversity outcome achieved by a nature-based solutions project registered under a biodiversity scheme that is based on scientifically derived and measurable metrics for biodiversity, and which is used to offset an equivalent negative impact on biodiversity elsewhere arising from project development after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been taken in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy (Pollination 2024). describe the circumstances by which negative impacts on biodiversity in one location can be compensated for by purchasing biodiversity ‘units’, which are intended to represent an equivalent or an augmented positive impact on biodiversity in another location.

In contrast, biodiversity credit projects are intended to finance real gains for biodiversity that are not linked to negative impacts elsewhere. Such credits, for corporate buyers, represent efforts “beyond the value chain”.

Categories

There are three emerging directions for the biodiversity credit markets to develop: Indigenous-led initiatives under voluntary standards, private sector-led initiatives under voluntary standards and government-led initiatives under specific policy or legislation, or potential combinations thereof.

IP&LC-led Initiatives – By IP&LC-led, we mean IP&LC’s make the decisions. Sometimes this isn’t immediately clear on the face of publicly available information. To increase transparency and visibility for these initiatives, we have also included in this category initiatives where IPs and LCs have intellectual or cultural property rights in the program standard and / or methodology or where it is clear that these have been developed under a co-development or partnership model and the program has been designed to benefit or be used only by IP&LCs. We fully acknowledge that we might not get it right in every instance and we welcome any and all feedback on these maps and their categories.

There are currently few IP&LC-led biodiversity credit initiatives. It is anticipated that as the market matures, there will be growing demand for such initiatives. If you have another IP&LC-led initiative to add to these maps, we would love to hear from you.

Government-led Initiatives – Government led initiatives are those that are developed and implemented under government policy of legislation. They are typically administered by a government entity; however, this function may be delegation to another organisation.

The Australian and Niue Governments have established national voluntary biodiversity markets. India has a “Green Credit Programme” to complement its domestic Carbon Market. The Finnish, Scottish and New Zealand governments are investigating national voluntary biodiversity markets and are in varying stages of development and consultation.

Private Sector-led Initiatives – Private sector-led initiatives are those that are developed and administered by private sector organisations, including not-for-profit organisations. A significant number of these initiatives have emerged and operate globally, with several others in development or emerging.

Sources & Updates

These maps are updated using reputable public sources of information including but not limited to, Pollination and Bloom Labs. We also periodically reach out to the programs included in these maps to check for updates, which may be included in the information set out in the maps.

The maps are designed to be updated over time, so if you have anything to add or amend, please contact us using the button below.

In the future, we hope to add projects as well as schemes to demonstrate the increase in market activity.

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